About Rattus fuscipes (Waterhouse, 1839)
This species, commonly known as the bush rat (scientific name Rattus fuscipes (Waterhouse, 1839)), has few easy-to-identify traits that set it apart from other Rattus species. Its defining characteristics are small tympanic bullae and a straight incisive foramen. Adult bush rats are smaller than the related Australian swamp rat (R. lutreolus); additionally, bush rats have pink foot pads, while Australian swamp rats have dark brown foot pads. The hair on the bush rat's foot is short and pale, though the subspecies R. f. coracius is notably darker. Bush rat feet are pentadactyl, and all digits have claws. The tail is pinkish brown, almost completely hairless, with overlapping scales that create a clear ringed appearance. Bush rats display sexual dimorphism, with males being larger than females. They have large, prominent eyes, a trait that distinguishes them from the narrower-snouted Rattus leucopus (Cape York species) where their ranges overlap. This species shows wide variation in both coloration and size. Combined head and body length ranges from 100 to 205 millimetres (3.9 to 8.1 in), and tail length ranges from 100 to 195 mm (3.9 to 7.7 in); these two measurements are roughly equal in individual bush rats. The underside of the pelage is light grey or cream, which blends into the rufous flanks and darker brown upper side, giving the animal an overall greyish or reddish brown color. Hind foot length ranges from 30 to 40 mm (1.2 to 1.6 in), and ear length ranges from 18 to 25 mm (0.71 to 0.98 in). Individual body weight ranges from 50 to 225 grams (1.8 to 7.9 oz), with an average weight of 125 g (4.4 oz). The number of teats varies across regional populations: females typically have one pair of pectoral teats and four pairs of inguinal teats, but pectoral teats are absent in populations from northern Queensland. The bush rat is primarily found in the coastal regions of southern and eastern Australia. It occurs mainly in the lowlands, but can also be found at higher altitudes in the Australian Alps. Its coastal range extends to several offshore islands, including Kangaroo Island. The southwestern subspecies R. f. fuscipes lives in high-rainfall sclerophyll forests. Along the southern coast, subspecies R. f. greyii inhabits arid habitat, while subspecies assimilis is found from Victoria to Queensland. The bush rat is a terrestrial species that prefers wetter areas with dense undergrowth. It constructs shallow burrows that lead to a nest chamber lined with grass and other vegetation.
