About Macropus giganteus Shaw, 1790
The eastern grey kangaroo, with the scientific name Macropus giganteus Shaw, 1790, is the second largest and heaviest living marsupial and native land mammal native to Australia. Common adult males typically weigh 50 to 66 kg (110 to 146 lb), while common adult females typically weigh 17 to 40 kg (37 to 88 lb). Adult males have a powerful tail that grows to over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long. One individual shot in eastern Tasmania weighed 82 kg (181 lb), with a total length of 2.64 m (8 ft 8 in) from nose to tail, measured possibly along the curves. The largest known confirmed specimen, examined by Lydekker, weighed 91 kg (201 lb) and measured 2.92 m (9 ft 7 in) along the curves; when its skin was laid flat, it measured 2.49 m (8 ft 2 in) in length. Eastern grey kangaroos are easy to identify by their distinctive soft grey coat, and they generally occupy moister, more fertile habitats than red kangaroos. While red kangaroos sometimes have a grey-blue colour, their facial structure is entirely different from that of eastern grey kangaroos: red kangaroos have unique black and white markings alongside their muzzles and along the sides of their face, markings that eastern grey kangaroos lack, and eastern grey kangaroos have noticeably large, wide open eyes. Where their geographic ranges overlap, it is far harder to distinguish between the closely related eastern grey and western grey kangaroos, as the two species have very similar body and facial structure. Both species have muzzles fully covered in fine hair; while this trait is not visible at a distance, their noses are still noticeably different from the noses of red kangaroos and wallaroos. The eastern grey kangaroo’s fur is light grey or brownish-grey, with a lighter silver or cream, sometimes nearly white, belly, while the western grey kangaroo has a dark dusty brown coat, with more colour contrast especially around the head. Australian Aboriginal names for this species include iyirrbir in the Kunjen language and kucha in the Pakanha language. The fastest speed ever recorded for any kangaroo was 64 km/h (40 mph), set by a large female eastern grey kangaroo. Although red kangaroos are more widely known, eastern grey kangaroos are the kangaroo species most frequently encountered by people in Australia, due to their high adaptability. Few Australians travel to the arid interior of the continent, while most Australians live in and around the major cities along the southern and eastern coasts. From these cities, it is typically only a short drive to remaining patches of near-city bushland where eastern grey kangaroos can be found easily. The eastern grey kangaroo prefers open grassland with areas of bush to use as daytime shelter, and mainly lives in the wetter regions of Australia. It also occupies coastal areas, woodlands, sub-tropical forests, mountain forests, and inland scrubs. Eastern grey kangaroos are polygynous, meaning one male mates with multiple females. Males compete heavily with one another for access to mates, including male-male fights that establish dominance between competing individuals. When a dominant male encounters a female in estrus, he will court the female before the pair copulates. After copulation, the male guards the female from other males. The full process, from courting through the end of guarding, takes approximately one hour. Female eastern grey kangaroos may form strong kinship bonds with their female relatives, and females with living female relatives have a higher chance of successfully reproducing. Most eastern grey kangaroo births take place during the summer. Eastern grey kangaroos are obligate breeders, meaning they can only reproduce in one specific type of habitat. Female eastern grey kangaroos are usually permanently pregnant except on the day they give birth, but they have the ability to pause an embryo’s development until the previous joey is able to leave the pouch. This process is called embryonic diapause, and it typically occurs during periods of drought or in areas with limited food resources. The nutritional composition of the milk a mother produces changes to match the needs of her current joey. Because lactation requires a great deal of energy, lactating females typically adjust some of their foraging habits: some females forage more quickly to spend more time tending to their joey, while others forage more aggressively to consume as much food as possible. Additionally, a mother can produce two different types of milk at the same time, one for a newborn joey and one for an older joey still living in her pouch. Unusually for a mammal, during dry periods, male eastern grey kangaroos do not produce sperm, and females will only conceive if enough rain has fallen to grow a large amount of green vegetation. Only females care for young, with no assistance from males. Females with a joey often feed alone to separate themselves from other kangaroos and reduce the risk of predation. Joeys remain heavily dependent on their mother for around 550 days, at which point they are weaned. Female eastern grey kangaroos reach sexual maturity between 17 and 28 months of age, while males reach sexual maturity at around 25 months of age.
