About Macaca silenus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) are covered in black fur, and both sexes have a distinct gray or silver mane surrounding the face. The face is hairless and black in adults, but pinkish in infants under one year old. Infants are born without a mane, which begins to grow around two months after birth. They get their common name not from their mane, but from their tail: the tail is long, thin, and mostly hairless, ending in a lion-like black tuft. The tail is typically around 25 cm (9.8 in) long. Their eyes are hazel, framed by contrasting black eyelids. Like other macaques, lion-tailed macaques have deep cheek pouches for storing food. They are quadrupedal and have opposable digits. The mane surrounding the face gives the species its German name Bartaffe, meaning "beard ape". It has a head-body length of 42–61 cm (17–24 in) and weighs 2–10 kg (4.4–22.0 lb), making it one of the smaller macaque species. The lion-tailed macaque lives in rainforests, most often in the upper canopy of tropical moist evergreen forests or monsoon forests. It is diurnal, active only during daylight hours. When active, half of the day is spent foraging, and the other half is spent resting or moving to new foraging areas. This species avoids humans more than other macaques, but habitat loss has led to increased habituation to humans and more frequent conflict with people. Like other macaques, lion-tailed macaques live in hierarchical social groups that usually contain 10 to 20 members, with 1–3 males (including a dominant alpha) and many females. They have a polygynous mating system with no fixed breeding season, though most breeding occurs in the wet season when resources are most abundant. Group members spend little time grooming or playing together. Lion-tailed macaques are territorial. They first defend their range against invading troops with loud calls and bared teeth; if this does not work, they fight aggressively, and large canines can cause severe laceration injuries. Other forms of communication include mounting to display strength, branch shaking to scare off intruders, lip-smacking as a friendly greeting, and yawning with a bared grimace to signal dominance. Lion-tailed macaque behavior follows characteristic patterns of arboreal life. These patterns include selectively feeding from a wide variety of fruit trees, maintaining large spaces between individuals while foraging, and devoting a high proportion of their activity time to exploration and feeding. They are omnivores. In undisturbed virgin forest, they primarily eat native fruits, seeds, flowers, insects, snails, and small vertebrates. Lion-tailed macaques play an important role in seed dispersal, as they can carry seeds long distances by dropping them or excreting them after consumption. In areas that have undergone heavy selective logging, the species has adapted to rapid environmental change through behavioral shifts and expanded food choices. These changes include a large increase in ground foraging, and much higher consumption of non-native plants and insects. Their expanded diet includes fruits, seeds, shoots, pith, flowers, cones, mesocarp, and other parts of many non-native and pioneer plants. In the forests of Kerala, lion-tailed macaques have been observed preying on pigeon nestlings and eggs. Gestation lasts approximately six months. Offspring are nursed for one year. Females reach sexual maturity at four years old, while males reach sexual maturity at six years old. Life expectancy is around 20 years in the wild, and up to 30 years in captivity.
