About Indicator indicator (Sparrman, 1777)
The greater honeyguide, scientifically named Indicator indicator (Sparrman, 1777), has distinct physical traits. Adults are roughly 20 cm (7.9 in) long and weigh around 50 g (1.8 oz), and all have bold white patches on the sides of the tail. Males have a black throat, pink bill, dark grey-brown upperparts, white underparts, whitish-streaked wings, and a yellow shoulder patch. Females are duller than males, have a blackish bill, and also have a black throat. Immature greater honeyguides have olive-brown upperparts, a white rump, and a yellow throat and upper breast. This species is best known for its behavior of guiding humans to wild bee nests. A guiding greater honeyguide attracts human attention with wavering, chattering "'tya' notes combined with peeps or pipes—sounds the bird also produces when acting aggressively. It flies toward an occupied bee nest (individuals remember the location of many bee nests within their territory) then stops near the nest. Human honey-hunters then conduct a final search for the bee colony, and if the colony is suitable, they harvest honey using fire and smoke to subdue the bees, and axes and machetes to expose the colony. After harvesting is complete, the honeyguide feeds on the leftover wax. One study recorded that when Boran people of East Africa use greater honeyguides to find honey, their search time is reduced by approximately two-thirds. To take advantage of this benefit, Boran people use a specific loud whistle called the fuulido when starting a honey search, and this whistle doubles their rate of encountering honeyguides. Among the Hadza people of northern Tanzania, honeyguides increased the group's rate of finding bee nests by 560%, and led men to bee nests that produced significantly higher yields than nests found without honeyguide help. A separate study of Yao honey-hunters in northern Mozambique found that honeyguides respond to the hunters' traditional brrrr-hmm call, and the chance of finding a beehive increases greatly when this traditional call is used. This study also included anecdotes from Yao honey-hunters stating that adult honeyguides, but not juvenile ones, respond to these specific honey-hunting calls. African folklore often claims that a human should thank a honeyguide with a gift of honey; if not thanked, the honeyguide will punish the human by leading them to a lion, bull elephant, or venomous snake. Other people hold the belief that honeycomb harms the bird, so they leave bits of comb for the bird to find on its own. While many descriptions of the mutualistic relationship between humans and honeyguides highlight honey-hunters graciously leaving piles of wax for birds in obvious locations, this behavior is not universal. The Hadza people of northern Tanzania often burn, bury, or hide wax to keep honeyguides hungry, so the birds will be more likely to guide again in the future. In some parts of Kenya, some greater honeyguides have abandoned this guiding mutualistic behavior, which is thought to be caused by fewer people in the area responding to the birds' guidance. A 2025 study found that honeyguides do sometimes lead humans to non-bee animals such as snakes, but researchers believe this is most likely an error by the birds rather than intentional punishment. Greater honeyguides are brood parasites when it comes to reproduction. Females lay white eggs in clutches of 3 to 7, and can lay a total of 10 to 20 eggs in one year. Each egg is laid in a separate nest belonging to another bird species; common host species include certain woodpeckers, barbets, kingfishers, bee-eaters, wood hoopoes, starlings, and large swallows. When a female greater honeyguide lays her egg in a host nest, it is common for her to break the host's existing eggs. All host species used by greater honeyguides build nests in holes, build covered nests, or build deep cup nests. When a greater honeyguide chick hatches, it still blind and featherless, and has a membranous hook on its bill that it uses to kill the host's young, either outright or by inflicting repeated wounds.
