About Hypolepis rugosula (Labill.) J.Sm.
Hypolepis rugosula (Labill.) J.Sm. can be identified by key features: its main axes (petioles, rachises, and pinna-rachises) are burgundy colored, its stipe is red or brown, the petiole vascular bundle is pi-shaped and splits into two S-shaped bundles toward the distal end, and it has no soral hairs. This species occurs most often in stream beds, damp gullies, drainage ditches, swampy ground, clearings, and along the margins of forests or open areas. It grows on both soil and rocky substrates. While it typically grows only in small patches, it can form large extensive stands on newly disturbed soil. It is more commonly found at higher altitudes.
