About Harpactes oreskios (Temminck, 1823)
The orange-breasted trogon (scientific name Harpactes oreskios (Temminck, 1823)) is a medium-sized bird that measures 25 to 31 cm in length and weighs 49 to 57 g. Males have a dull olive-yellow head and rufous-chestnut color extending from the upperparts to the upper part of the tail. The undertail area is black and white. Primaries are black with white vertical bars, and wing coverts are barred black. Males have a yellow-orange lower breast that lightens toward the vent, and a blue eye ring. Females have a more grey-brown head and upperparts, a grey breast, and yellow at the belly and vent. Both sexes have grey feet with two toes pointing backward, which is a common trait for trogons. Subspecies differ slightly: uniformis and dulitensis are smaller than other subspecies, with uniformis having a more yellow breast and dulitensis having a more green breast; the nias subspecies has a darker crown and a larger bill than other subspecies; stellae has a paler breast and longer tail. Different subspecies of the orange-breasted trogon are distributed across southern China, Laos, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Nias. H. o. stellae ranges from southern China and Myanmar to Indochina; H. o. uniformis ranges from southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra; H. o. nias occurs only on Nias; H. o. dulitensis occurs on Borneo; and H. o. oreskios occurs on Java. This species does not migrate. Its natural habitats include subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, montane forests, humid lower-to-middle elevation evergreen forests, swampy forests, open dry forests, bamboo forests, thin tree jungles, and sometimes clumps of trees near forests. Populations occupy lowlands up to 1100 m in Thailand, up to 1300 m in Peninsular Malaysia, 300–1500 m in Borneo, up to 1200 m in Sumatra and Java, and low secondary jungle on Nias. Breeding seasons differ between subspecies, and on average the breeding period lasts 2–3 months between January and May. Both the male and female work together to excavate a shallow cavity for a nest, located in the side or top of a rotten stump or a dead tree limb attached to an otherwise healthy tree. They work in rotation: when one excavates, the other perches nearby. The female lays a clutch of 2–3 eggs. Both sexes alternate incubation responsibilities, with males typically incubating during the day and females incubating overnight. The incubation period lasts around 17–18 days. The eggs are smooth, oval, and colored dirty ivory or pale olive, with no markings. The nestling period lasts around 12–14 days. Males play a more dominant role than females in provisioning food for nestlings; in many cases, the male passes food to the female before she gives it to the nestlings, rather than feeding the nestlings directly. This species breeds outside the period of peak food availability, which occurs 4–5 months earlier. This timing may be a response to avoid overlapping with the breeding period of the larger red-headed trogon, which competes with the orange-breasted trogon for food.
