About Euploea klugii Moore, 1858
Euploea klugii Moore, 1858 has sexually dimorphic forewing shape, with the most pronounced variation occurring in males. Male forewings vary notably in the outline of their termen and dorsum. Compared to their width, typical male forewings are relatively long, because the dorsal margin has lower convexity. The typical male termen is oblique and slightly convex. The novarae variety has broader male forewings; the strong convexity of the dorsal margin makes the wing almost subquadrate, and its termen is more convex than that of the typical form. Differences in forewing shape are far less marked in females. For the typical form of Euploea klugii, the upper side of the forewing is dark brown, suffused with a blue gloss all the way to the termen, and marked with a spot at the cell apex, a small coastal spot, and two short streaks beyond the cell apex. Females of the typical form have two discal spots; they also have six subterminal and terminal spot series, with the second series absent. In both sexes, the subterminal spots extend inwards, and all spots are bluish white. The hindwing of the typical form is umber brown, with blue gloss on its center; the subterminal rows of spots are either incomplete or obsolescent. Incomplete subterminal rows are reduced to only two or three spots below the apex. For obsolescent rows, spots are mere dots in males, and entirely absent in females, only visible through transparency from the underside. The underside of the wings is similar to the upper side, but is paler brown and lacks blue gloss. The center of the forewing is dark, the spots are more clearly defined, and the subterminal and terminal spot series are more or less complete. Antennae are black. The head, thorax, and abdomen are velvety brown; the head and thorax are speckled with bluish white. The kollari race of Euploea klugii has an upperside that is very dark olive brown, paling to lighter brown toward the termen. Both wings have a complete or nearly complete series of subterminal and terminal white spots; subterminal spots are larger than terminal spots. On the forewing of the kollari race, subterminal spots decrease in size toward the apex and curve inwards opposite the apex. On the hindwing of the kollari race, subterminal spots are elongate oval and much larger than the terminal spots. Terminal spots in this race are very regular; there are two terminal spots per interspace on the forewing, and they become obsolete toward the apex. The underside of the kollari race is pale olive brown, with spots matching the pattern on the upperside. Additional markings are present: the forewing has two to four extra discal spots, with the two largest located in the same interspace, plus a small costal spot, while the hindwing has one or two extra discal specks. Antennae of the kollari race are very dark brown; the head, thorax, and abdomen are dark brown, and the head and thorax are sparsely speckled with white. This species is distributed in Peninsular India, Sri Lanka, and the Malay region. Multiple geographically distinct forms or subspecies have been given formal names.
