About Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790)
Epinephelus lanceolatus, commonly called the giant grouper, has a robust body, where its standard length is 2.4 to 3.4 times its body depth. The dorsal profile of the head and the intraorbital area are convex. Its preopercle has a rounded corner and a finely serrated margin, and the gill cover has a convex upper margin. The dorsal fin holds 11 spines and 14–16 soft rays, while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays. The caudal fin is slightly rounded, and there are 54 to 62 scales along the lateral line. Adult giant groupers are grayish-brown with an overlaying mottled pattern and darker fins. Small juveniles are yellow, with wide, dark irregular bars and irregular dark spots on their fins. This species can grow to an extremely large size: the maximum recorded standard length is 270 centimetres (110 in), though individuals are more commonly around 180 centimetres (71 in), and the maximum published weight is 400 kilograms (880 lb). The giant grouper has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution, and it is the most widely distributed grouper species in the world. Its range extends from the Red Sea and the eastern coasts of Africa south to Algoa Bay, South Africa, across the Indian Ocean into the Western Pacific Ocean east as far as the Pitcairn Islands and Hawaii. It is found as far north as southern Japan and as far south as Australia. In Australia, it occurs from Rottnest Island in Western Australia, north and east along the country's tropical coasts (including offshore reefs), then south along the eastern coast to Woy Woy, New South Wales. It is also found around Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Park Reserve in the Tasman Sea. There are also unconfirmed reports of its presence at Younghusband Peninsula in South Australia and northeastern New Zealand. It is absent from the Persian Gulf, but is found off the coast of Pakistan and southern Oman. It has been listed as a potential invasive species in the Bahamas, but confirmation of its presence there is still needed. This is a shallow water fish species that occurs at depths from 1 to 100 metres (3.3 to 328.1 ft). It is associated with reefs, and is the largest known bony fish found on reefs. Large individuals have been caught from shore and in harbours. They inhabit caves and shipwrecks, while secretive juveniles live on reefs and are rarely observed. Adults are mainly solitary and hold territories on the outer reef and in lagoons. Prawn fishermen have also caught giant groupers in turbid water over silt or mud seabeds. The giant grouper is an opportunistic ambush predator that feeds on a wide range of fishes, as well as small sharks, juvenile sea turtles, crustaceans, and molluscs, all of which it swallows whole. Giant groupers living on coral reefs and rocky areas prefer spiny lobsters as prey; a 177-centimetre (70 in) specimen captured off Maui, Hawaii had two spiny lobsters and a number of crabs in its stomach. In estuarine environments of South Africa, this species was found to feed almost exclusively on the crab Scylla serrata. This species is normally solitary and long-lived. It is also curious, and often approaches divers closely. It is not generally considered dangerous to humans, but divers are advised to treat large specimens with caution and avoid hand feeding them, as there have been reports of large individuals attacking humans. Like most groupers, giant groupers are protogynous hermaphrodites. They spawn following a lunar cycle, with spawning events lasting around 7 days. They are aggregative broadcast spawners, typically with several females per male. Studies of captive populations show that the dominant male and female start the spawning event and are almost the only spawners for the first day or two, but other members of the aggregation fertilize more eggs as the event progresses, even the most recently transitioned males father offspring. Giant groupers are diandric protogynous hermaphrodites, which means while some males develop from reproductively functional females, other males begin producing sperm without ever going through a reproductive female phase. The giant grouper is a highly valued food fish, caught by both commercial and recreational fisheries. It is valued as a live fish in Hong Kong for the live reef food fish trade, especially smaller specimens. Its skin, gall bladder, and stomach are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. This species is cultivated in mariculture, a practice that is widespread, though the supply of juveniles is limited. Hatcheries in Taiwan have produced captive-bred juveniles, and export some to other parts of Southeast Asia for further grow-out. Many aquaculture-raised giant groupers are hybrids between this species and E. fuscoguttatus.
