About Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758
The Kentish plover, scientifically named Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758, is a small shorebird. Adult Kentish plovers weigh around 40 grams. Both adult males and females have black bills and dark legs, but they have plumage dimorphism. During breeding season, males have a black horizontal head bar, two incomplete dark breast-bands on each side of the breast, black ear coverts, and a rufous nape and crown, with some variation across different breeding populations. Females are paler in these areas and lack the dark markings. Early in the breeding season, male and female ornaments are very pronounced, making them easy to tell apart. As the breeding season goes on, the differences between the two sexes become less noticeable. Additionally, males have longer tarsi and longer flank feathers than females; longer flank feathers are thought to be beneficial for incubation and brood care, since feather quality is linked to heat insulation. There are several significant factors that predict the degree of plumage ornamentation in Kentish plovers. First, the interaction between breeding season progression and rainfall appears to affect ornamentation: male ornaments grow more elaborate over the course of a breeding season in high-rainfall regions, while they become lighter in low-rainfall regions. Second, the interaction between breeding system and sex can predict how pronounced plumage ornamentation is. Polygamous populations have more pronounced sexual ornaments, leading to stronger sexual dimorphism than monogamous populations. This difference is especially clear in males: males in polygamous populations have darker and smaller ornaments, while males in monogamous populations have lighter and larger ornaments. This is thought to result from a trade-off between the size and intensity of the ornaments. Kentish plovers have an extremely wide geographical distribution, and their habitats vary both spatially and environmentally. They live and breed in multiple habitat types, ranging from deserts with ground temperatures up to 50 °C to tundra. Their breeding distribution covers Europe, Asia, and Africa. In Europe, populations are typically found in the west; there was once a breeding population in Hungary, but Kentish plovers no longer breed there. In Africa, populations live on the southern coast of Senegal, along the northern Mediterranean coast, and along the Red Sea coast. The breeding area continues along the Arabian Peninsula, covering Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Bahrain in the Middle East. Small populations also live on islands, including the Cape Verde archipelago, the Canary Islands, and the Azores. It is a rare vagrant in Australia. Some Kentish plover populations are non-migratory, such as the population on Maio in Cape Verde, while other populations migrate fairly long distances. For example, plovers that winter in North Africa are known to migrate to Turkey and Greece in spring. Some birds breeding in western Europe do not travel far, only staying within Europe, while others travel mainly to Western Africa.
